While parts of the ninth-century medina are packed with tourists during the day, it is largely deserted at night and at the weekend.

Writer Hatem Bourial said the medina, one of the first cities built after the Muslim conquests of North Africa and home to the renowned Zitouna Mosque, has a deep “emotional charge.”

“It’s the haven of the first madrassas, and the Zitouna is one of the most famous and oldest mosque-universities in the world,” he said.

But, he added, “people traditionally don’t go in the medina at night, as every souk closes its doors.”

The medina was founded in the ninth century, but its real expansion began in the 13th century, when Tunis became the capital of the Hafsid dynasty’s kingdom, stretching along the Mediterranean coast to Tripoli in what is now Libya.

The kingdom survived an attempt by King Louis IX to capture it, with the French monarch dying of dysentery in the process.

Under the Hafsids, Tunis was one of the biggest cities in the Islamic world, and their legacy has remained in the form of narrow, crowded souks that contributed to the medina being awarded UNESCO heritage status in 1979.

The district also has some two dozen small souks devoted to specific artisans such as tanners, perfume sellers and shoemakers.

“The medina is the lung of Tunisia, and it’s where Tunis began,” said Salma Garbi, a 38-year-old architect who was taking part in a guided walk.

While visitors mostly stick to its two main arteries, “new cultural events are popping up and breathing life into the medina,” she said.

Garbi welcomed the launch of two art festivals, Interference (art and lights) and Dream City, which involves young artistic productions in unusual places like chapels, often in the evenings.

“They’ve breathed life back into the medina,” she said.

She also pointed out that in Ramadan, shops and cafes stay open late and the medina bustles with concerts and modern dance shows into the small hours.

The district has also found new life from the creation of Art Rue, which organises art workshops with local schools, and a string of guesthouses.

Leila Ben Gacem, who set up her first guesthouse in the UNESCO-listed old city in 2013, is on a mission to brighten up the neighbourhood.

She has brought together a group of small businesses to “create experiences so people enjoy coming to the medina, spend the weekend there, meet craftspeople and enjoy authentic moments,” she said.

The Mdinti project (“my city” in Arabic), financed by German aid agency GIZ, which also campaigns for better lighting and cleaner streets, has 21 members including artisanal workshops, guesthouses, cafes and restaurants.

They are hosting activities across the year, from treasure hunts to walking tours and classes in North African cooking, Arabic calligraphy and making traditional “balgha” shoes (heelless leather slippers).

“If there’s something to do at night or on Sundays, shopkeepers will close later or keep their shops open,” said Souhail Fitouri, who is involved in the Mdinti project.

For this summer, Ben Gacem has a list of potential events for tourists and residents: Rooftop cinema screenings, meetings with craft workers, historians and some of the medina’s 25,000 residents.

But residents say that for the medina to experience a real revival, more state support is needed — a big request, given the sorry state of Tunisia’s public finances.

The government has this month begun bailout negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, as its tourism and import-dependent economy has been battered by the coronavirus pandemic and elevated global food and energy prices.

Hatem Bourial bemoans the fact that both the Sidi Bou Khrissane lapidary (gem-carving) museum and the Dar Ben Abdallah museum of popular arts and traditions have been closed for 15 years. The same applies to the famous Tourbet el Bey mausoleum.

And the Zitouna mosque is completely off-limits for non-Muslims. Bourial recommends opening “at least the patio” to visitors.

“The signs currently say entrance is only for Muslims and women with their hair covered. That’s an insult to the very notion of hospitality,” he said.