Syria stands at a pivotal point following the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime after more than five decades under Ba'athist rule and the emergence of the militant group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS).

The collapse of Assad’s government and the resulting power vacuum have left the nation profoundly divided, not just along sectarian lines but also due to the devastation from over ten years of civil war.

The nation faces formidable obstacles in rebuilding its infrastructure, mending social and political rifts, and reestablishing a unified national identity.

Now spearheaded by Ahmad al-Shara, HTS has become central to Syria’s efforts to move towards stability, yet its ascendancy is fraught with challenges, both domestically and from the international community.

Ongoing sectarian tensions, especially between the ruling Alawite minority and the Sunni majority, pose a significant challenge.

HTS’s Sunni-based foundation adds further complexity, as the group attempts to bridge these divides and earn the trust of a population weary from conflict.

With Assad's once-loyal military now in disarray, there is a vision for a professional, volunteer army, though it is uncertain how HTS will accomplish this without first addressing the disarmament of other armed factions.

Another pressing issue is the influence of foreign powers, particularly Turkey, which has supported various factions in northern Syria, maintaining its regional influence at the expense of Syria’s sovereignty.

Balancing external alliances with internal reconciliation remains a delicate matter for Syria’s new leadership.

Inside the country, initial statements from HTS about military restructuring and transitional justice indicate intentions for reform but are overshadowed by reports of retribution, including torture and summary executions, raising concerns about accountability.

Such actions risk undermining the legitimacy HTS aims to establish.

On the international front, HTS has been striving to present itself as a legitimate political entity, engaging with Arab and foreign delegations to secure a presence on the global stage.

However, this swift outreach risks legitimizing a group still closely linked to its militant origins without sufficient assurances of governance reforms or inclusivity.

For Syria to attain stability, HTS must demonstrate it can transition from a militant entity to a governing body committed to inclusive politics and human rights.

As the country progresses toward rebuilding, the leadership of Ahmad al-Shara will face tests not only from reconstruction challenges but also from the persistent threat of further fragmentation and external interference.